Calculation assumptions: Compliance headcount priced at the European average of €80,000 / FTE, with a 20% complexity multiplier per additional market. Compliance tooling estimated at €150 / SKU / market × 40% effective utilisation (fragmented SaaS plus internal maintenance). Audit risk reserve = ESPR maximum fine (4% of revenue) × 15% likelihood of meaningful impact. Passloom Year 1 includes implementation, estimated at 20% of subscription; renewals exclude this line. All figures are industry baselines — actual numbers vary by company size, sector, and compliance complexity.